Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015
https://archive.org/details/b21515724
AN
ELEMENTAEY ATLAS
OF
COMPARATIYE OSTEOLOGY,
IN TWELVE PLATES,
THE OBJECTS SELECTED AND ABBANOED BY
/I
* . ^ . Li
(A-ctk*. ■ ■
PROFESSOE HUXLEY, F.E.S.
AND
DKAWN ON STONE BY
B. WATERHOUSE HAWKINS, ESQ.
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,
14, HENEIETTA STEEET, COVENT GAEDEN, LONDON; AND, 20, SOUTH EEEDEEICK STEEET, EDINBUEGH.
18CL
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE READER.
The Figures in the present Atlas are intended simply to aid students in comprehending the general arrangement of the bony framework of the Vertebrata, and some of its most important modifications.
Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins is responsible for the accuracy and for the artistic execution of the drawings ; while my share of the work consists of the selection, the arrangement, and the nomenclature of the parts of the objects figm’ed, which, by the liberal permission of the Council, have been almost wholly selected from the great Osteological Collection in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
THOMAS H. HUXLEY, F.R.S.
London, August, 1864.
. » • ■'-; ’ ‘ U ‘ '
#r ai. • “ - • "
f
*
«
p /
!>• . *
9^
iri n,<
— 't J)
\i'
.NfvftO'^^^i^i/''' j fi'iMjjiir «8fci>vr
f i ^
I ,!•( '.^
' ^ir|»
, ,....ii ».u*->.ii v^»««w«uj n^h i..-.,.*i, 'I, „
V,«„|, -.>T^T.'iMtiw>W*‘-W*-t.-^^
• •O^l !.'•» • Jin-T i i>Kr.*cir. .-/i-tns^H " v'- •
fn
» '
I
Throughout this Series of Plates the letters retain the same signification, unless the contrary be expressly stated. Those which refer to the bones of the Skull are arranged alphabetically as follows
An. The angular piece of the lower jaw or mandible.
Ar. The articidar piece of the mandible.
A. 8. The alisphenoid.
Au. The place of the auditory organ.
B. The branchial apparatus.
B. O. The basi-occipital.
Br. The branchiostegal rays.
B. 8. The basisphenoid.
Cl/. The coronary or complementary piece of the mandible.
Co. The columella.
B. The dentary piece of the mandible.
Bn.pt. The entopterygoid of Fishes.
E. O. The exoccipital.
Ep. O. The epiotic.
Ep. t. The ectopterygoid of Fishes.
Eth. The ethmoid.
Eth. 1. The lateral mass of the ethmoid, or pre- frontal of Mammals.
Fr. The frontal.
H. M. The hyomandibular of Fishes (Temporal of
Cuvier) .
Hy. The hyoidean apparatus.
I. op. The interoperculum.
Ju. The jugal or malar bone.
L. The lachrymal.
M. The mandible.
Mpt. The metapterygoid of Fishes (Tympanic of Cuvier.)
Mx. The maxilla.
•
Na. The nasal bone.
|
O.F. |
The occipital foramen. |
|
01. |
The anterior nares. |
|
01'. |
The posterior nares. |
|
Op. |
The operculum. |
|
Op. 0. The opisthotic. |
|
|
Or. |
The orbit. |
|
0. 8. |
The orbitosphenoid. |
|
Fa. |
The parietal. |
|
FI. |
The palatine. |
|
Fmx. |
The premaxilla. |
|
Frf. |
The pre-frontal. |
|
Fr. 0. The pro-otic. |
|
|
F.8. |
The pre-sphenoid. |
|
Ft. |
The pterygoid. |
|
Ftf. |
The post-frontal. |
|
Q. J. |
The quadratojugal. |
|
Qu. |
The quadrate. |
|
8. |
The suspensorium of the mandible in most cartilaginous fishes. |
|
S’. |
The subocular arch of Chimceroids, &c. |
|
8. a. |
The supra-angular piece of the mandible. |
|
8. b. |
The suborbitals. |
|
8. 0. |
The supra-occipital. |
|
8. op. |
The suboperculum. |
|
8. or. |
The supraorbital. |
|
Sp. |
The splenial piece of the mandible. |
|
Sq. |
The squamosal. |
|
Sy. |
The symplectic. |
|
T. |
The posterior attachment of the tentorium. |
|
Tr. |
The transverse. |
|
Ty- |
The tympanic. |
|
ro. ■ |
The vomer. |
|
X. |
The parasphenoid of Fishes and Amphibia. |
|
z. |
The temporo-quadrate of Amphibia. |
PLATE I.
I. The skull of a Dog’. {Ca^iis familiaris.) ir. The skull of a Horse. {Equus caballus.)
III. The skull of a Sheep. {Ovis A7'ies.)
IV. The skull of a Pig*. {Sus scrofa.)
(All the skulls are drawn of the same absolute leng’th.)
This plate is intended to illustrate the structure of the skulls of our commonest domestic animals. Four views are g’ivenof each skull, viz. upper (la. Ila. Ilia. IVa.) ; under (I&. II^>. III&. IV^'.)j side, with the mandible, (Ic. lie. Ille. IVe.) ; and in long-itudinal vertical section (Ic^. l\d. III^Z. IVe^.).
In lid the plane of the section has passed to the left of the ethmoid and vomer, so that these bones are not shewn ; and in IVc?. the vomer is imperfect.
PLAT K
I
mh.b
|
KKSfea^feawi^. - i '•^^^?^^>• |
wgjaJ— i|^i 2 |
Be |
||||
IW
Mn.
PLATE II.
I. Skull of a Man. {Homo sapiens, var. Australie7isis.)
la. From above. Id. From below. Ic. From the side. LI. Long-itudiiial and vertical section.
II. Skull of an Orang-. {Pithecus Satyrus.)
a. h. e. d. As in the preceding* Fig*ures.
III. Skull of a Baboon. {Papio porcarius^
a. h. c. d. As in the preceding* Fig*ures. Illd^. Is taken from a different and much young*er specimen than the others.
IV. Skull of a Howler Monkey. {Mycetes seniculus.)
\
a. Side view. h. Under view. c. Long*itudinal and vertical section.
V. Skull of the Saimiri. {Clirysoth'ix sciureus.) a. Side view b. Sectional view.
(All these skulls are drawn of the same absolute leng*th.)
The comparison of I. with II. will g*ive a notion of the differences between the skull of a Man of a low race and the skull of one of the man-like Apes : while that of III. IV. and V. with II. and with one another, will shew the extent to which the old and new world Apes differ among* themselves.
l‘LA'J
... ^ J
.. /
1
^ 1
J-
h
PLATE III.
I. The skull ol‘ a Hare. {Lepus timidus)
a. Upper view. b. Under view. c. Side view. d. Long-itudinal and vertical section.
le. Section of the skull of a Guinea pig". {Cavia cohaya.)
II. The skull of an Ostrich. (Struthio camelus.)
a. Upper view. b. c. Under view. d. Side view. e. Longitudinal and vertical section.
Ilf. A longitudinal and vertical section of part of the skull of a foetal Chicken. (Gallus domesticus.)
III. The skull of a Tortoise. (Testudo elephantopus.)
a. Upper view. b. Under view. c. Side view. d. Longitudinal and vertical section.
III. e. and /*. The Skull of a Turtle. {Chelone midas.)
e. Side view. f. Longitudinal and vertical section.
IV. Skull of a Tench. ( Tinea vulgaris.)
a. upper, b. c. under, d. side view.
IVc. Longitudinal and vertical section of the skull of a Carp,
(All these skulls are drawn of the same absolute length.)
In this plate the skulls of Mammals (I.) — Birds (II.) — Reptiles (III-), and Fishes (IV.) are compared and contrasted.
I
.
' M:.
■ ‘ - ;' 'V>'" ^ i ‘ • ■ ’ ' ■ ■“
;rJ5 ,.- -^V'Jt' ,, _.-.■ ... r-'5Ji
• v^.,, a . «■ .. .V '‘". './■■■ y
. ■ V^tf •>«': r . ■’ ‘ . ,' j ' ^;:<4 . «
*' J*’ 'V' ' - ’<^, ^-, • t:!''''‘v''‘'''‘'-'''‘' ^ 5-ip.J #■' y
V^* ys5 ■ ■ * * • *** . i«i 4 _ 7 ■’' ' i ' '*' ’| ■ * ' *" • •’ ' « ii‘I
V ^*-V ■ ''ir*?i^ •* , # •'• *' «;^ . • *
' '. 4 »' * '. *
'*- \ • r MMw I ' /’»'■.• ■ ■ ™ '
_ ■. ■m-.-u,j- . ■ *■ . -?WB • .-.1* V-i ,
. V . •.•« ■? ' •:
n
I ‘ .'*' ‘ “Iff.
_ ‘. ifi-''“-.i- •■*■..
5-?.oi;. , i -,, . :.,
J . '
1* ♦* V.
*•-*• ’., “ ■'•■ , V- , ' ' ,j
* ' ■ •® ' ^ Vi
\ -r. 'V ‘4*i •'V, ■ v>7 • <0 ^ *■ * • ..'•/- a ‘ :.-^S J
„v-w j. - •. 1,— -4. ,;.'Oil^, ‘ ‘ ‘/J
• 1,-/ -4. y'^K.
FLA
J
-i Beif' I
Ill
rn^i
PLATE IV.
I. Skull of an Allig’ator. {Alligator lucius.)
a. Upper, h. Under, c. Side view. d. Longfitudinal and vertical section.
II. Skull of a Lizard. {Cyclodus niger.)
a. Upper, b. Under, c. Side view. d. Long-itudinal and vertical section of the skull of another species of Cyclodus.
III. Skull of a Boa Constrictor. {Python.)
a. Upper, h. Under, c. Side view. d. Long-itudinal and vertical section,
IV. Skull of a Menopoma. {Menopoina Alleghaniense.)
a. Upper, h. Under, c. Side view. d. Long-itudinal and vertical section. In h. the rig-ht half of the h}"oidean and branchial apparatus is represented.
V. Skull of a Siren. {Siren Lacertina.) Side view.
(All the skulls are drawn of the same absolute leng-th.)
The skulls of Reptilia and Amphibia are compared and contrasted in this Plate. The presence of the characteristic double occipital condyles, of the parasphenoid {x), and of the temporo-quadrate (2) with the absence of the supra- occipital and basi-occipital in the Amphibia (IV. and V.) will be noted.
"t
P LAT 1
I-
Pmoc
'.ire
li
Mn
IV
Qn Pt'
PLATE V.
la. Skull of a Pike. {Esox Indus.)
The suborbital bones are merely dotted.
Ih. and Ic. Side and under views of the cartilaginous cranium of the same fish a. a. Ossifications of the rostrum.
II. Skull of a bony Pike. (Lepidosteus.)
Ilia. Bones of the cranium and pectoral arch of a Sturgeon. (Acdpenser.)
IIIJ. The cartilaginous cranium of the same Fish, with the suspensorium and the skeleton of the jaws.
IV . Skull and vertebral column of a Shark. ( Carcharias glaucus.) Side ^'iew.
IVa. The skull from above, sp. The spinal column.
V. Skull of a Chimsera. {Cliimcera mondrosa?)
VI. Skull of a Mudfish. {Lepidosiren annectens.)
VII. Skull, anterior part of the spinal column and branchial framework of a Lamprey. {Petromyzon marinus.)
Ch. The notochord. 1. The ethmovomerine cartilage. 2. The circular oral cartilage. 3. The lingual cartilage. 4. The branchial cartilages.
In this plate the modifications of the skull observed in five of the six orders of fishes, viz. Teleostei, Ganoidei^ Elasmohranchii, Dipnoi, and Marsipobranchii are illustrated.
PL XT
IV
jj
y .
PLATE VI.
I. Atlas of a Wolf. (Cams lupus.)
II. Axis or Odontoid vertebra ;
III. Cervical vertebra ;
IV. Dorsal vertebra ; and
Y. Lumbar vertebra of the same animal.
VI. Atlas of an Ostrich. (Struthio Camelus.)
VII. Axis )
VIII. Cervical vertebra j and
IX. Dorsal vertebra.
X. Front view of the most anterior of the vertebrae which enters into the composition of the sacrum of the same animal. II. The iliac bones.
XI. Atlas of a Crocodile. AV. Separate upper median piece of the neural arch not represented in XI®.
XII. Axis ;
XIII. Cervical vertebra ;
XIV. Dorsal vertebra j and
XV. Lumbar vertebra of the same animal.
In this plate the vertebrae of a Mammal, a Bird, and a Reptile are compared and contrasted.
A front {a) back or under (h) and side {c) view of each vertebra is represented, and in the side views the anterior end of the vertebra is directed to the left. In all the fig-ures the letters have the same sig’nification. Cm. Centrum or body, or, in the Atlas, part of it. Od. Odontoid process of the Mammal and Bird, odontoid bone of the Reptile. Nr. Neural arch. Sp. Spinous process. R. Transverse process or rib. Ob. Anterior and posterior oblique or articular processes. V. Vertebral canal. S. c. Spinal canal. Ad Ad. Accessoiy processes.
■ -V. •
-V ■ ■
■«i»
■ ■; ■' sisTf-iity iilR :
• ■*■^ O'',
' ■!-::-■■ ^4. '• '. I
J
^'■ii
.*''*' -S^' » ‘^' "..V-'' ” - , "ii ■.J^*; <:--^- • _*iC''’iL'' JI-’ JL ^1. < :.'»lr’.yir ■- 3“ ■
' - ■•• ■■ ■* 7' ■■ ■ ''v- ^ ' '^■
Jl ^ *„•.
-M •'
I / Or . ^
■'. m-^
L ‘ ■^:* V- * r ■■ . . • -¥'
V. ' :** ••‘■- • V. '■ ,-•. ^ -
^'Si
f.
e ■
III
r • .:v >' -' -
i^«
>s
rLA.1
VI
PLATE VII.
I. Sacrum of a Wolf. {Canis lupus.)
a. front, h. under, c. back. d. side views.
le. to li. side views of more and more posterior caudal vertebrae of the same animal.
II. III. IV. V. End and under views of these caudal vertebrae of the same animal.
Via. Sacrum of a young* Ostrich from below. VIZ>. From the side. Vic. From above.
VII. Long*itudinal and vertical section of the sacrum of an adult Ostrich.
Vllitt. Front view of the sacrum of a Crocodile. VIII^. Under view. VIIIc. Pos- terior view. VI 1 1^?. Side view of the same.
IXa. Front view. IX J. Back view. IXc. Under view. IX^?. Side view of the first caudal vertebra.
X. Side view of the second caudal vertebra.
XI. Side view of a posterior caudal vertebra.
Xlla. and h. End view of posterior caudal vertebrae.
Continuation of the comparison of the vertebrae of the Mammal, Bird and Reptile. The letters as before. Cv. Subvertebral, or chevron, bones in the caudal reg*ion.
f: '
. V* , T
•«• ■ t.''-
vx,
i f - - tiy 'u
•iti ■>:■'.
L-*
'. V,
n-\: ^ - ..•':tv'
■* •.? *■ -ffe
'
-t-v.
r
S
; VSf
:'W
^ V- -■'''>’’•* ,-/"V ^'^■^MjjjjiH
, ' ■ _ ' -i « *
t'
-f’
'V.
d
'^1 • '
. if
•j{3^ *^“'«5).J 1, rf- T' ■■■•,■
“■*1
jv' ■^-
♦. jX- --
- r,*^K({ A5 . ' - ^ 'Hfei, -n - -_p » u • . ■
- ^ ' ' . i' •*’* . ■♦'C^
.♦
3
■ t\
, 1,J.. ^9 • '■ ’" X: 'H
, . .- ■ . y, 'iV ;ia,/*. . _„
.. tx- ....'■. •■ . ' '* '■'* -i* '■ *1 i?
.'■t* ‘M'l ■• rf.4^ >'^ , X 'P ’•' ' ®
V . ■■ . ..V. • ..HU-.,.'’
, 7f>‘ \ ‘'.-•l-iii. •’ :' .y V V-* >,
■ ’ '.1
,»*ai y 3
VSt ■■“•
V*'*' ij{’.: s ^ I'
J. -
» ■» ■"' “’ V “' “i ' ^ ' ••’ sSh ■■•*•.-
:<t 3
p* :
nil*. hU I r^
’a
k
-
,: ‘ . -i-: "V ^ . ■• • ‘ /:* - .1, .7.-’
»
S^''y. ...
- ' '^, » ■ . . ■ ■•* i * ' V • Vv • .■• i , , - ♦ ,
, ‘ * * ": • ‘ -^Si ;• - ■■
*V • ^ * ■ •* >
I'll I '/ Jjif ' J }'
f ** o' /:*i. ■ '■■'>
■■ .7
;■ f
A
t'- ■ ffi
'*■1 ^ . . . ' ,-~ —
.4C
.5 '1--
-. P ■ *• ■■ ..
'•'. »» • .
^ . 'f - 4: ^ ;
^ :•
1*
:h «
TT
^ti'
■.., :^'ivo .- 4‘*'’
^ . i- X' 'r^ lr». - ■■'' • ,,' J- ^
< y-:.' ' : - .4^.. ■; -. -‘'r.-i’ ■ - .... X I
■v.-.'a
^ ■ I ,y. W# X - V;- ^ ^
-V
f
F
HF'
:ir
4*
:a
'
'm
i
•■ ‘ .. ■' *5
iV
a
0 •>■
■ft
#
K,
r LA
Cm
: YU.
1
PLATE VIII.
I, The anchylosed cervical vertebrae of a Cetacean. (Delphiniis tvr.no.) a. Side view. b. Front view.
II. A lumbar vertebra of an Armadillo. (Dasypus tricinctus.) a. Side view. h. Front view. c. Posterior view.
III. A dorsal vertebra of a Snake.
a. Side view. h. Front view. c. Posterior view. z. a. Zyg-antruin. z. b. Zygosphene.
IV«. The 3rd dorsal vertebra, with ribs and section of the sternum of a Crocodile.
R 1 the transverse process. R 2. the vertebral seg’ment of the rib.
R 3. the median seg-ment. R 4. the sternal seg*ment of the rib. St. the sternum. IVZ>. The vertebra from behind.
V. A vertebra of the Basking’ Shark. {Selache maxima.) a. front, b. side view, c. section.
VI. Part of the spinal column of the Skate. {Raia batis.)
A. Anchylosed anterior vertebrae. Cv. Elements which answer to the chevron bones.
VII. Part of the vertebral column of the Tope. (Galeus communis.)
AVb Intercalated second neural arches.
VIII. Dorsal vertebrae of a Cod-fish. (Gadus morrhua.)
a. Side view, the two posterior vertebrae longitudinally bisected, b. Front view of a vertebra.
IX. Extremity of the tail of the Tope. [Galeus communis.)
The heterocercal tail of an Elasmobranch.
X. Pseud-homocercal tail of the Salmon. [Salmo salar.)
a. With the fin rays and epiural bones, Ep. 1. b. Without the fin rays and epiural bones, so that the really heterocercal character of the tail is shewn. H.l. The hypural bones. Ch. The notochord.
XI. Pseud-homocercal tail of Xiphias gladius.
a. The whole tail. h. Its central part on a larg-er scale. H.l. Hypural bones.
XII. The Hyoidean apparatus of Man.
a. Body. b. Lesser cornua, c. Greater cornua.
XIII. The Hyoidean apparatus of a Sheep.
XIV. The Hyoidean apparatus of a Gull. [Larus.)
d. Entog-lossal element.
XV. The Hyoidean apparatus of a Lizard. [Psammosaxirus griseus.)
XVI. The Hyoidean apparatus of a Cod fish. [Gadus morrhua)
^ •
•• «
<» '
JO
• I
)
4^
t •n*
'\ ift^ \*
|
«ia; |
|
|
'« .^'J* 1 f'"^. ,\-' |
;A ■ >', V-; |
|
; ■ » '^' ■■’ |
, *t •■'■ :' -T |
|
l«A4. |
£ |
|
4 |
|
|
> |
|
|
( -V ■,', V |
|
|
!' ^ /V |
|
|
7 |
*> • .4^ ^ *'4 7^ V- *^4 V ■ ^ W|^» J|B I
■ '"" v
'T> Atll
-■■
-- .VfS ‘ .^'W^■n^^^^iprl^^(v/ .V« , I
^ "i '.V.'. ^
I - ';„• i‘*'f.'ljKi''r r*i +'ia;»^>ii -tfil-',*Uil^it . ^ '
■ 1 *■ ■ ■ “ ^ "" ^ ~ C?*- —
•#«;' -.*i-- • ;>_:>■ ' •« *)i /** ' -
* - I , ' . , ~
-Jt.
W?
^ : ,^:**- ' li
V ^
y.,
^^?i- - _ ?^- StLf* * ■
. K.1
’ ii) 'j
I. ^
< p:i
vn-ii
' *V .
PLAT
virr.
m
Cv
PLATE IX.
I. Anterior extremity of a Flying- Fox. {Pteropus.)
II. Anterior extremity of a Dolphin. {DelpUnus delphis.)
III. Anterior extremity of an Ornithorhynchus. {0. paradoxus.)
IV. Anterior extremity of an Eag-le. (Haliastur.)
V. Anterior extremity of a Peng-uin. ( Aptenodytes antarctica.)
VI. Anterior extremity of an Apteryx. {Apteryx australis.)
VII. Anterior extremity of a Lizard. {Iguana tuherculata.)
VIII. Anterior extremity of a Turtle. {Chelone caouana.)
Throughout these figures the following
St. Sternum.
Epst. Episternum.
Sc. Scapula.
S. Sc. Suprascapula.
Cr. Coracoid.
Ep. Cr. Epicoracoid.
Cl. Clavicle.
letters have the same signification
Rd. Radius.
Ul. Ulna.
Cp. Carpus.
Me. Metacarpus.
Ph. Phalanges.
/. IL III. IV. V. Digits counted from the radial side.
H. Humerus.
. ZT ' •
J -m
. d *
• *Vt
■;s
'i'-v .
» 4^
,V‘ .
*>
-'•X
JSI
,r ^ ■< * ■ ' .- . -W
— -J
i‘ ^
‘ * *
f
ifi
V •■•f ■
V'4-
S '"‘
“>^-V
,L • ’ -■ .. ^
•
’ :'i
t
|
^ > |
>4**1 *g |
|
■•■ V -': - |
i * 1 |
|
■:9am |
|
|
•'■ MP'I |
. * 7 »* w 1 *» • . • * ■ |
|
. C V |
|
|
■« t ,\ A 1^. |
* T < ' |
|
- |
► •>
* " ' ■ , - ' _ ,* ,•* .■ .
, ■ .iv. • ' V!^ • • . . •^•"ii,‘: . * -. rtJ4
. ^ ■ ■% * ■.,■ *^',‘;Vt«' ■ '-W A <*V
•’ *tw7
- •»
I
f ' A
f •: ■ • ■■-I'
■^- •- ;sl-*
a/
-
' 't
' v' ‘
fc _". . * T^ ^
f* '».
^ -V *S«5«
^ >i‘ ♦ 1 w^EH
♦ i-^. * • ©r*^
. -U* '^-‘'■‘^'"•‘t • ,':... '■'. ''' ~. '
-;* .- :r* ^ ‘
l»^. • .f " ' < j l>»’; - - '' ■- •■ - -
• -■
|o.
4
%
' .v4
t
.W-
' • •* 'O ■ . ;,^ .’i V'J\ * - - -W
, ' tj
* I^' ‘ -*:i7 t- ., ■ . ' ’
v**:
|
R' |
, ■ 1 • |
|
|
4 ) |
||
|
• |
•*, ir - |
|
|
■*• |
||
|
. • ■' ,./';S -' ,7 |
m |
-5l |
/-;
r? ■ ’
:-* 1
I
VLA
-! i,.,
S
i: IX
PLATE X.
I. The terminal division (Hand) of the left fore limb of Man.
II. The terminal division of the left fore limb of the Gorilla. {Troglodytes Gorilla.)
III. The terminal division of the left fore limb of the Orang*. (Pithecus satyrus.)
IV. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Spider Monkey. {Aides Belzebuth.)
V. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Marmozet. {Hapale Jacchus.)
VI. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Lemur. {Lichanotus Indri.)
VII. Tlie terminal division of the left fore limb of a Bear. {Ursus labiatns.)
VIII. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Lion. {Felis Leo.)
IX. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Pig*. {Sus scrqfa.)
X. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Rhinoceros. {Rhinoceros indicus.)
XI. The terminal division of the left fore limb of an Ox. {Bos Taurus.)
XII. The terminal division of the left fore limb of a Horse. {Equus caballus.)
Throughout these fig'ures the following* letters have the same signification : —
Sc. Scaphoides. L. Lunare. Sc.L. Scapho-lunare. Cu. Cuneiforme. P. Pisiforme. Ttn. Trapezium. Tp. Trapezoides. 31. Mag*num. U. Unciforme. *Supernumerary bone in the carpus of the Oraiig*, Ateles, and Marmoset. 31c. Metacarpus. Ph. Pha- langfes. I. II. III. IV. V. Big-its counted from the radial side.
The objects are all represented of the same absolute leng'th.
3
*9
w '■
'p
’I
I
j T
y.' • ni
#v '
'SJli.'
■i”- . 1-4 I .
. 'v*i
a t
*
ij . *
^ *
*
"‘f
• s*<y«
. < ■• I
« '
• <
■i i-.^'
>• i
~ -f
\v
i -A*’ r--;i* -V . ' • * 'i, »/tt»ip^- • ’^KvW;^vi:i !•' »iWn» |.
i .t =■ . ,,: .. jy-r-* ■ -
* “ . r, **,lli^'.
" iJy i ' '■ ■ " I’T r 1: ' ' '
£r :"W^ ; . V \ ■■-"*
rWWMi
. f
"'— »’^.-
* c* "■ ■<*
I
k '’A
■>
■r ’ ^
: ^ >
I - r 1J> - JfcjA ► ■ l<. •
r' iV. A' -■^;'••; ■ h ■'«*:•
>.
' - .•<:' -M - .
.• .- * '■^'S * ■
’ i 'JT' ’ 'V ,>-^MT_ ■■■.--*■'
>■ . V •■" - “ \ W
j-..v-£. V-S'"' . .*5^
■HIV ■ . ^^■;^tt:;'‘.i'-'’- .f'-*v till
„T. ,;.
-i: - is. ■ * -* • • ■■'“■■
,-*w . — ^*- . f,/- V*. ' ■ >
, ■ ..-' ^.Si>~ ;-;/r5sV
i » •' , • ~ . •* • 'i ■'if V • .r ■ • <
J-.:" -18 * .
2^ii^ ^- ' '* * ' S I
‘ v4.-,
t » 5 .
*f\ /l i '
«r
.'-r'
PL A.'
Ill
XU.
L
£ned.^ I)aA^er&«ld 12. p
m IV
XT.
Ct{
X
|
. 4ife |
|||||
|
^ w'"' H |
Ki'^'3K‘ |
® \ |
Me 1 |
|
W7- |
M |
Tfn |
|||
|
U |
W^plw .. -jf |
||||
|
m^. TT |
' |
IV.
V.
VL.
PLATE XI.
I. The pelvis and sacrum of a Man. a. front, h. side view.
II. The pelvis and sacrum of a Gorilla. (^Troglodytes Gorilla.) a. front, h. side view.
III. The pelvis and sacrum of a Gibbon. [Hylohates leuciscus.) a, front, h. side
view.
IV. The pelvis and sacrum of a Kangaroo. {Macropus major.) a. fi’ont. h. side
view.
V. The hind foot of a Jerboa. {Dipus sagitta.) a. side. h. front view.
VI. The hind foot of a Kangaroo. {Macropus major.) a. front, h. side view.
\
VII. The hind foot of a two-toed Sloth. ( Cliolapus didactylus.) a. front, h. side view.
VIII. The hind foot of an Eagle. (Haliastur ponticerianus.)
T. mt. Tarso-metatarse. Mt. IT. Metatarsal of the Hallux. II. Hallux. Pli. Phalanges. 1, 2, 3. The three anterior toes.
IX. The pectoral arch and member of a Skate. ( Raia batis.)
X. The pectoral arch and member of a Tope. ( Galeus communis.)
XI. The pectoral arch and member of a Siluroid fish. ( Clarias.) a. side, h. under view.
XII. The pectoral arch and member of a Cod-fish. ( Gadus morrhua.) a. side,
b. under view.
Throughout these figures the following- letters have the same signification :
111 the Pelves, which are represented of the same absolute length.
II. Ilium.
’ Is. Ischium.
Pb. Pubis.
Ml. Marsupial bone.
Sm, Sacrum.
In the Pectoral arch and member of Fishes.
a. The pectoral arch, or the principal
bone of that arch.
b. The so-called radius.
c. The so-called ulna.
d. The so-called carpus or metacarpus.
e. The fin rays.
The bones of the hind feet are lettered as in the succeeding plate.
'** • Zv *'T' V * • ' ji ' ' V <“■ V. «o
' ^ "’. , v' V ..^
. A '". , i^»Tl; ^ (. •-'^*. ■:'?
* *
<• ^ « g
' ' - i..'V • • '. * 'j.f ltd'll nVjv /.,ot baki n'^ MvfiA '
- • ' 'IJ vl vv ' ,. , . ." . \ * :. ■•":■-/’ i^'’* . ,.,.
f;- , - i
- • ■ .. i- •*■ s. - * '’ ■ <? ■ ■ , ~t!*i »*•■ ♦• '
•A .
1* I s'
;. I ’
l-'f
* r . 'i# ■
r/,'
»
- - * ' • ' * ' ■■ '.'. jjf ’., -^.- - , - - - -
V ' - > “*■* , ■ . "'' , - ’"' ■ ’ ■ -
• ■*» t.'^r.*’!’'^' ?* •■•X.'. ’• ■' -^lla
._•> - ,^ • •- • ' •- •*
■yji \r-^ ■ *
■ii***"'' 'a ■ ‘f^- , 1''^' t
:z ,-s«
' .; «!- it ;* \ •' »-5*
.. -: ■-& :
',t
'k;
W V f <i
>. 'S: i* .
•■V\ 'W - '
'*■ “.-i *'
I ^ •# VH^ri5R^j^% ' -■. ■^■' :
» > % ' ’- ■ “V #- * f
w. > -... y. . ,
K.-
’*' »u
■ -r;'
f' .
rb
4.
■‘ 3-
'.V
I* -
", t*
AXMkS
M-: ■■
• * «
_r.
>
:'*:‘r^
%
XT V. . .
1 '
-J
PL A
XI
PLATE XII.
I. The terminal division (Foot) of the left hind limb of Man.
II. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Gorilla. {Troglodytes Gorilla.)
III. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Chimpanzee. {Troglodytes niger.)
IV. The terminal division of the left hind limb of an Orang-. {Pithecus satyrus.)
V. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Spider Monkey. {Ateles Belzehuth.)
VI. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Marmozet. {Hapale Jacclius.)
VII. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Lemur. {Lichanotus Indri.)
VIII. The terminal division of the left, hind limb of a Bear. {Ursus laUatus.)
IX. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Lion. {Felis Leo.)
X. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Pig. {Sus scrqfa.)
XI. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Bhinoceros. {Rhinoceros indicus.)
XII. The terminal division of the right hind limb of an Ox. {Bos Taurus.)
XIII. The terminal division of the left hind limb of a Horse. {Equus cahallus.)
Throughout these figures the following
Ca. Calcaneum.
As. Astragalus.
N. Naviculare or Scaphoides.
Ch. Cuboides.
Nch. United scaphoid and cuboid. Cb Entocuneiforrne.
letters have the same signification :
C^. Mesocuneiforme.
C^. Ectocuneiforme.
Mt. Metatarsus.
Ph. Phalang'es.
I. II. III. IV. V. Digits counted from the tibial side.
The objects are all represented of the same absolute length.
I 4
4 - V-
J .
T-.’' :■ ■
m
-' y)
^. •
.
V' '
- -V*"
-=. it. . V- RkhS
» il-'^
t
- * ■ ' v<-’; . -‘# ’f ■ Iji •• .■<? %', r.'l
- i .V^/ ■ . >•' ^r”*'-.- V ■ • V 7 . WlM
* „ ■ "Ji'J
. <r'^ f/V~i- ilK> , . ■,j* ’ * " '- 7s
... .■ t t ^ . ■' i .V' *’-ffi *.,-f -NiS^' ‘RSiO. j^i-- ■• w fft . '*''
i*“W8f • is^iSiftirf ^ (■< •• :>
• r - U *■ t#'-* - •■ . ' ■ --'A •_. ■ • ■
- , iU, .ft- ti'.< A • '■ ■
Ju ■ -' -• ' ,. 'A^'=.' '.. ■: ■ - - ■' ' ' '’-^■4S^.^''3 ■- -•i'*d' ’’
_^;- ^ • r:::>-. A^rj • -jcfifs .
•V.
■ r- -•>*.-*
v' ■ V
C
‘-0 ^
-.^^; »:.<
iC ■
la
^ , -.SI.,
-:^.' '*'5? •’'■■' ^ T|Mti .’ ..1. •
<v»
|
‘ - "'^ « ' « '' ■• |
*‘f .i** - ^ -V' |
|
|
■ Jli |
. ’ ■ 0 |
|
|
* ■ 1 t |
||
|
^ - |
||
|
- # ' . .. • |
, B£S a ■ |
|
|
.'.u "; |
-•j^ |
■ , • *if'i t-tff '*><_.
•r ^
3«r* *■ ,V-' •sf.' . ■ ■ ■?3^--?>*IBS;.''’‘"a'’‘ - • t'*,ii
^jp,*,'. -S;::! -i » '"''•■^■^' ' ■ •■: i-
.” .;. . .' ?♦.
‘ >. -flf.
•^. ^ V ^ :
< .<J
%
- - ■* ■ ar
iS '.'^
¥
4f
'■Ti^
-Mr
.r'
Ijt’
i
V-v / '•>
•*
't r-
' -.A^*
a' >
I’LAT
I XIL.